Who is the litigant that files the Complaint to start a lawsuit in a civil case?

In a civil case, the party that initiates the lawsuit by filing a Complaint is known as the plaintiff. The plaintiff is the individual or entity that claims to have suffered a loss or injury due to the actions or negligence of another party, designated as the defendant. By filing the Complaint, the plaintiff formally sets forth their grievance against the defendant and outlines the legal basis for seeking redress or damages.

This role is critical in the legal process, as it establishes the framework of the case and defines the issues that will be adjudicated. The plaintiff carries the burden of proof, meaning they are responsible for presenting evidence to support their claims against the defendant in court.

In contrast, the defendant is the party being accused or sued, who must respond to the allegations made by the plaintiff. A witness provides testimony regarding facts relevant to the case, while a consultant typically offers expertise and advice but does not participate directly in the litigation as a party involved in the lawsuit. This clear delineation of roles illustrates why the term "plaintiff" is specifically associated with initiating legal action in a civil lawsuit.